Marcus Opellius Macrinus Essays - Severan Dynasty,

Marcus Opellius Macrinus Marcus Opellius Macrinus, otherwise known as Macrinus, was born in Caesarea, a town in Mauretania, in approximately 164 AD. He lived in a middle class family and studied law, in his younger years Rome was under the rule of Severus. When he was older and Rome was under the rule of Caracalla, Caracalla made Macrinus the legal advisor of the praetorian prefect. (A praetorian perfect is the post second in command to the emperor.) The praetorian perfect at that time was Caraculla's father-in-law. In 212 AD, after the demise of Carculla's father-in-law, Macrinus was appointed praetorian perfect. Macrinus took part in many of Caraculla's campaigns, and was appointed consul in 217. Later that year Macrinus heard that he was being accused of being a threat to the throne. According to many, Macrinus was in fear for his life, so he planned to have Caracalla murdered while he was on a pilgrimage. The story was that one of the guards had killed the emperor and then killed himself, not everyone believed this. On April 11th 217 AD Macrinus was hailed emperor by his troops, and approved by the senate. Macrinus was the first emperor that was not a senator. Caracalla's mother Julia Domna, could not stay out of politics. Macrinus ordered her to leave, and Domna starved herself to death. His First act as an emperor was to send messages proposing peace to the Parthian ruler, but the ruler had sensed weakness and constructed an army. Fighting began between the two armies and the Parthains won, Macrinus ended up paying huge amounts of money for bribes and restoration. This definitely resulted in a decrease of popularity for Macrinus. Another woman, Julia Domna's sister Julia Maesa, wanted her son Elagabalus, to overthrow Macrinus. On the 15th of May 218 AD, Elagabalus was declared the emperor by the third legion. Other troops soon joined the rebellion, Macrinus led his loyal soldiers to the revolt. He declared his son, Diadumenianus emperor, to try to win back some support, but it failed. The two armies met in a village on June 8th 218. Macrinus was defeated. He sent his 10 year old son, Diadumenianus with an ambassador, to the Parthian king. Macrinus shaved his beard and in a disguise tried to make his way back to Rome, he was nearly there when he was found. He was executed. His son fled also, but was put to death. Macrinus 217-218AD Religion

20 Email Marketing Best Practices That Will Improve Results

20 Email Marketing Best Practices That Will Improve Results Emails are incredibly powerful. A third of customers  have visited a website or purchased something just from seeing an email in their inbox without ever actually opening the email. That’s the power of email! Whether you’re running a blog, selling products online, or collecting sales leads, everybody wants a healthy email list. But how do you make that email list an engaged one? By following best practices. Consider the following 20 tips your complete guide to an excellent email marketing program that boosts open and click rates, reduces churn, and increases your subscriber lifetime value! Let’s get started. 20 Email Marketing Best Practices That Will Improve ResultsImplement Email Best Practices With Three Free Templates This post is packed with actionable advice. To help you execute your email marketing even better, weve included these three free templates: Email Marketing Calendar: Plan all your email content in advance and get more organized. Email Subject Line Template: Make writing subject lines easy with these simple fill-in-the-blank templates. Its a great complement to the Email Subject Line Tester. Email Subject Line A/B Test Template: Record results from A/B tests and refine your messaging over time.20 #email #marketing best practices + 3 free templates = success.Infographic: Best Practices, At a Glance. Email marketing is an art and science. Navigate its complexities successfully by following these 20 simple best practices. Check out this infographic rounding up 20 top #email #marketing best practices:1. Send to Yourself First. This one feels like a no-brainer, but when you reflect on how few people actually proofread their own emails, you quickly realize it isn't. Always send yourself a test email first to ensure that: There are no typos The images show up The format looks great on both your desktop and smartphone All the links work There is nothing glaringly wrong with the email Double-check both the HTML and plain-text versions. Always send email newsletters to yourself first.2. Do NOT Spam. This is another no-brainer, but it’s so important it bears repeating: do not spam. Spamminess can refer to poor judgment within the email itself - irrelevant content, all-uppercase subject lines, etc. - but it mainly refers to how you collect and engage with your email subscribers. Buying email lists or signing people up without them expressly opting in first is an absolute no no. Do not do this. If you think you can get away with this, know that you can’t. Purchased lists are associated with extremely high unsubscribe and spam rates. Get too many of those, and you could get banned from your email marketing provider. Other best practices include: adding your physical address somewhere in the email (the footer is a good option). giving people a way to unsubscribe (most reputable email marketing providers include this by default). Leave out either of these, and you are breaking anti-spam laws. Are you unknowingly breaking anti-spam email marketing laws? Find out (and read 19 more best...3. Make it Easy to Subscribe. Since you won’t be purchasing email lists, you want to make it as easy and as enticing as possible for people to subscribe to your email. Here are some ideas: Embed signup CTAs throughout your website or blog. Include a pre-checked checkbox besides any other form where people enter their email address (such as a member registration or checkout page). Add a signup form to your Facebook page. Regularly tweet out a link to your subscribe page. Send your first email within 24 hours of subscribing, if not immediately. With human attention spans officially  shorter than that of goldfish, you can’t risk people forgetting what they signed up for. Make it easy for subcribers to get on your #email list.4. Use a Double Opt-in. Because sharing your email address has become so commonplace these days, people don’t always realize they’re signing up to get overloaded with emails. This is why most experts recommend a double opt-in process. A double opt-in  involves sending a person a confirmation email after they sign up, letting them know that they signed up and requiring them to click a button to confirm they indeed want to stay signed up. Keep your double opt-in email short and sweet like Haute Hijab does below, emphasizing the confirmation button and placing it above-the-fold. Below that button, include validation of why signing up for your email is a good idea: it’s the best way to avoid FOMO on your best offers and freshest content. Here's the confirmation email button: Here's why email marketers should use a double opt-in.5. Schedule Smart. The best day and time to send your emails depends on your unique customer set. However, you can make some educated guesses using the research others have already done.   helpfully aggregated studies from the top email providers to conclude that the best day and time to send emails is Tuesdays around 10am. Start there, and then test and optimize based off your own data. Remember that these times are specific to your recipient’s time zones, which may or may not match yours. Depending on the size of your customer base, you may segment your list based on time zones (more on segmentation later). Recommended Reading: What 10 Studies Say About the Best Time to Send Email 6. Develop a Cadence. Speaking of timing, how frequently do you want to send your emails? Much of your email will be automated based on your user’s actions (e.g. double opt-in confirmations, order confirmation and shipping notifications), but you want to touch subscribers at least once a month. To support this goal, brainstorm an email calendar that corresponds to your content marketing, event marketing, and other promotional calendars. This helps keep you sane while ensuring you stay in touch. Plan sales emails and product launch announcements ahead of time. Help people prepare for the holidays by emailing gift guides and encouraging them to make reservations now vs. later. Not sure how much is too much? If you start sending more emails and witness a downward trend in your open and click rates but an uptick in your unsubscribes, that’s a telltale sign that you’re sending too much. Why is developing a consistent cadence important for #email #marketing?7. Give People Options. Of course, rather than guessing for them, you can always let people choose the frequency themselves. When Hubspot started offering separate newsletter subscriptions options for their blog, organized by frequency and topics, their subscriber churn rate went way down: Other ideas include: Letting people opt for â€Å"less† email Letting people â€Å"pause† their subscription for 30 or 90 days Sometimes people care about your brand but they’re simply overwhelmed or taking a healthy hiatus from email. Help them stay in touch by letting them choose the frequency of your emails. Recommended Reading: 21+ Easy Ways to Build an Email List That Will Skyrocket By 140% in 1 Year 8. Focus on Your Subject Line... Subject lines are critically important. These are the headline that convince a subscriber your email is worth opening. That means you should do everything within your power to set yourself up for success here. Research and tinker to find the two best options possible, then A/B test among those with a small subset of your subscribers. Then, repeat this process for every single email you send. Things that do well in subject lines include: The recipient’s name A tasteful emoji or two 30-50 characters tops Action verbs A clear and irresistible value proposition that matches the content of your email Consistency (Some emails, like blog newsletters, perform best with the same subject line everytime - it helps readers know what to expect so they keep an eye for it in their inbox) Things that don’t do so great are: Spammy keywords (urgent, buy now, win, free) All uppercase letters Typos Overuse of emojis Deceptive subject lines that don’t match the email content (these lead to unhappy subscribers who unsubscribe and grow to resent you as a brand) Remember: the goal of your subject line is to get the people who care about the content within your email to open it, not to get opens at any cost. Editor's Note: You can also use 's Email Subject Line Tester to optimize every one you send.https://.com/email-subject-line-tester 9. ...But Don’t Forget the Sender. Perhaps even more important the subject line, the â€Å"from† name  can literally make or break your email. Sender names tend to perform best when they’re personalized. Instead of just your company name, use a person’s name, like â€Å"Your Name from Your Company.† And never use the default â€Å"No-Reply @ Your Company† option - it’s impersonal, and frankly, frustrating. Use a real name and assign a team member to respond to emails. Don’t forget your pre-header either. This is the preview text that displays after the subject line in most email clients. If you don’t set it, the client will preview something from your email which can look messy and unprofessional. Test these just as vigorously as your subject lines and sender names. Recommended Reading: Everything You Need to Know About Writing Awesome Email Subject Lines 10. Keep It Simple, Stupid. On to the body of the email. The goal here is to grab your reader’s attention quickly and follow up with a strong CTA. Regardless of whether you want them to sign up, order a product, or read your blog post, organize your copy using the â€Å"power of three†: Here's another example from Dropbox: Where possible, limit your CTAs. Try to keep it to one main CTA and place it above-the fold. Also make your CTA a bright, beautiful button that’s easy to find and click - otherwise you’re making people search for it. Before you send, double-check your work by sharing the email with a colleague. Can they instantly (within a few seconds) relay back to you the CTA? If so, move forward with your email. If not, do not pass go. Your email needs work as the message is not clear. Recommended Reading: How to Write a Call to Action In a Template With 6 Examples 11. Add Alt Text to Images and Buttons. Alt text isn’t just for images on your website. Adding them to your emails helps users understand what they’re reading, in case the HTML doesn’t render properly or their email client blocks images by default. Without alt text, readers will simply see a blank space where a button or image used to be. With alt text, they’ll still be able to read the action you want to take and understand where to click. Add alt text to all of your images and CTA buttons, and hyperlink them to your landing pages while you’re at it. Don't forget to add alt-text to all your images (plus 19 more email marketing best practices12. Send the Right Emails. The longer a person has subscribed, the more personalized the emails they receive from you should be - because you’re collecting information from their purchases, their interactions with your support team, and the content they’re clicking on from your previous email sends†¦ right? Right. But at a minimum, most successful email marketing programs tend to include the following types of emails: Double opt-in for subscribing (see tip #4) Welcome/thank you for signing up Some form of blog newsletter Important brand announcements Request for feedback or online review Abandoned cart reminder, order confirmation, shipping confirmation (for e-commerce) What’s the one type of email you should never send? The kind you send, just to send it. Every single email you send should have a purpose that provides value to your customers. Their inbox is not the place to simply remind them of your existence. No one liked the poke button on Facebook, remember? Recommended Reading: How to Get Bigger Results From Email Marketing With Kim Courvoisier From Campaign Monitor 13. Create Drip Campaigns. Drip campaigns are another successful type of email companies send. Drip campaigns extend the water metaphor of the sales funnel. Here’s an example of what a drip campaign might look like for a new e-commerce blog subscriber: Welcome email: â€Å"Thanks for subscribing! Here’s a % off coupon.† A few days later: â€Å"Hope you’re enjoying our blog. Here are our top articles you may have missed.† One week after that: â€Å"If you like our blog, you’ll love our whitepaper about X! It goes into way more detail.† If the prospect downloads the whitepaper, you might then enter them into a new drip campaign. If you’re wondering how you can create drip campaigns, start by knowing your audience. Once you know your audience and define your user personas, you can segment your email list. Different personas get different campaigns with copy choices, send frequency, and content catered specifically to them. What's the benefit to creating email drip campaigns?14. Automate Your Outreach. Drip campaigns are just one type of automated email you can create. There are all sorts of behaviors that could trigger different marketing emails, such as: Someone who subscribes to your blog receives a welcome email sharing your most popular articles. Someone who buys an item gets notified of future sales in that item’s category, plus any new styles of that particular item. Someone who abandons their shopping cart  receives a reminder of the items in their cart, with a steep discount or an urgent call to buy while supplies still alst.Are you automating your #email outreach?15. Keep It True to You. Your emails should match your brand. The colors and font choices should be the same. The tone should read like the same voice of the person who wrote your web copy or your latest Facebook post. However, that’s not to say you can’t give your emails a special flair. Some brands have done this to great success, so they’re essentially known for an outstanding email marketing program. Warby Parker  is one such example: Recommended Reading: How to Define Your Brand Positioning and Brand Voice 16. Encourage Sharing. Want more subscribers? Ask people to share your email! Encourage recipients to forward your email to anyone else who might be interested. Link the CTA to prepopulate a new email message with the subject and body text already pre-filled. For example: Share this email with your friends! Incorporate social sharing, too, but do so with purpose: Want more eyes on your content? Add social buttons for people to share the newsletter link itself on social media. Want more followers? Add social buttons that link to your social media channels. Recommended Reading: Why People Share: The Psychology of Social Sharing 17. Optimize for Mobile. How many of us have spent time waiting in line at the coffee shop checking our emails? Over half of emails are now read on mobile devices, and that trend should only continue as people increasingly rely on mobile devices over desktop computers. That means your email needs to be easy to read, view, and click on mobile. It should load fast (aim for 300KB or less), and it shouldn't require too much scrolling. Keep your email as short as possible, and go heavy on the imagery (while compressing it to ensure optimal load times). Make CTA buttons and any links 45-57 pixels tall to match the size of adult fingertips. Limit the width of your email body to 650 pixels so it displays nicely on most phones. Recommended Reading: Mobile Marketing Strategy: How to Build One the Best Way 18. Test, Test, and Test Again. Nearly all email marketing providers have A/B testing functionality built-in. Many offer multivariate testing as part of an upgrade. Either way, there is absolutely no reason for you to not test your emails. Here are just a few examples of what you can test: Subject lines and preheader text Send times and days of the week Format and layout Featured image or copy CTA placements and types of buttons

Definition of Force in Physics

Definition of Force in Physics Force is a quantitative description of an interaction that causes a change in an objects motion. An object may speed up, slow down, or change direction in response to a force. Put another way, force is any  action  that tends to maintain or alter the  motion  of a body or to distort it.  Objects are pushed or pulled by forces acting on them. Contact  force  is defined as the force exerted when two physical objects come in direct contact with each other. Other forces, such as gravitation and electromagnetic forces, can exert themselves even across the empty vacuum of space. Key Takeaways: Key Terms Force: A description of an interaction that causes a change in an objects motion. It can also be represented by the symbol F.The Newton: The unit of force within the International system of units (SI). It can also be represented by the symbol N.Contact forces: Forces which take place when objects touch each other. Contact forces can be classified according to six types: tensional, spring, normal reaction, friction, air friction, and weight.Noncontact forces: Forces that take place when two objects do not touch. These forces can be classified according to three types: gravitational, electrical, and magnetic. Units of Force Force is a  vector; it has both direction and magnitude. The SI unit  for  force is the  newton  (N). One newton of force is equal to 1 kg * m/s2 (where the * symbol stands for times). Force is proportional to acceleration, which is defined as the rate of change of velocity. In calculus terms, force is the derivative of momentum with respect to time. Contact vs. Noncontact Force There are two types of forces in the universe: contact and noncontact. Contact forces, as the name implies, take place when objects touch each other, such as kicking a ball: One object (your foot) touches the other object (the ball). Noncontact forces are those where objects do not touch each other. Contact forces can be classified according to six different types: Tensional: such as a string being pulled tightSpring: such as the force exerted when you compress two ends of a springNormal reaction: where one body provides a reaction to a force exerted upon it, such as a ball bouncing on a blacktopFriction: the force exerted when an object moves across another, such as a ball rolling over a blacktopAir friction: the friction that occurs when an object, such as a ball, moves through the airWeight: where a body is pulled toward the center of the Earth due to gravity Noncontact forces can be classified according to three types: Gravitational: which is due to the gravitational attraction between two bodiesElectrical: which is due to the electrical charges present in two bodiesMagnetic: which occurs due to the magnetic properties of two bodies, such as the opposite poles of two magnets being attracted to each other Force and Newtons Laws of Motion The concept of force was originally defined by Sir Isaac Newton in his three laws of motion. He explained gravity as an attractive force between bodies that possessed mass. However, gravity within Einsteins general relativity doesnt require force. Newtons First Law of Motion says that an object will continue to move at a constant velocity unless it is acted upon by an external force. Objects in motion remain in motion until a force acts on them. This is inertia. They wont speed up, slow down, or change direction until something acts on them. For example, if you slide a hockey puck,  it will eventually stop because of friction on the ice. Newtons Second Law of Motion says that force is directly proportional to acceleration (the rate of change of momentum) for a constant mass. Meanwhile, acceleration is inversely proportional to mass. For example, when you throw a ball thrown onto the ground, it exerts a downward force; the ground, in response, exerts an upward force causing the ball to bounce. This law is useful for measuring forces. If you know two of the factors, you can calculate the third. You also know that if an object is accelerating, there must be a force acting on it.   Newtons Third Law of Motion relates to interactions between two objects. It says that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. When a force is applied to one object, it has the same effect on the object that produced the force but in the opposite direction. For example, if you jump off a small boat into the water, the force you use to jump forward into the water will also push the boat backward. The action and reaction forces happen at the same time. Fundamental Forces There are four fundamental forces that govern the interactions of physical systems. Scientists continue to pursue a unified theory of these forces: 1. Gravitation: the force that acts between masses. All particles experience the force of gravity. If you hold a ball up in the air, for example, the mass of the Earth allows the ball to fall due to the force of gravity. Or if a baby bird crawls out of its nest, the gravity from the Earth will pull it to the ground. While the graviton has been proposed as the particle mediating gravity, it has not yet been observed. 2. Electromagnetic: the force that acts between electrical charges. The mediating particle is the photon. For example, a loudspeaker uses the electromagnetic force to propagate the sound, and a banks door locking system uses electromagnetic forces to help shut the vault doors tightly. Power circuits in medical instruments like magnetic resonance imaging use electromagnetic forces, as do the magnetic rapid transit systems in Japan and China- called maglev for magnetic levitation. 3. Strong nuclear: the force that holds the nucleus of the atom together, mediated by gluons acting on quarks, antiquarks, and the gluons themselves. (A gluon is a messenger particle that binds quarks within the protons and neutrons. Quarks are fundamental particles  that combine to form protons and neutrons, while antiquarks are identical to quarks in mass but opposite in electric and magnetic properties.) 4. Weak nuclear: the force that is mediated by exchanging W and Z bosons and is seen in beta decay of neutrons in the nucleus. (A boson is a type of particle that obeys the rules of Bose-Einstein statistics.) At very high temperatures, the weak force and the electromagnetic force are indistinguishable.

Comparative Study of Critical Resource Diagramming Versus PERT and CPM Assignment

Comparative Study of Critical Resource Diagramming Versus PERT and CPM - Assignment Example PERT is a statistical implement used in project management, it is designed to analyze and exemplify the task evaluation completing a given project (Delgado et al., 2004). It is normally used in conjunction with CPM which is known as critical path method in project scheduling and management technique. CPM is a tool used to evaluate and determine duration based on the proof of identity of â€Å"critical work† through an activity network (Delgado et al., 2004).Ultimately CPM and PERT can be merged into one to form a project scheduling technique known as CPM/PERT. The combination of both CPM and PERT makes it visually easier to view precedence relationships and gives an opportunity for ideal large projects with several activities (Delgado et al., 2004). CPM/PERT contain two major key elements: activities and events. An activity embodies an action and consumption of resources such as time, money and energy needed to complete a quota for a given plan. The activity is typically epitomized by an arrow; this is due to the fact that it encompasses resources (Delgado et al., 2004). An event, normally taken to mean node will basically occur at the beginning and the end of an activity. The events have no resources and as a result are represented by a circle (Delgado et al., 2004). When working on a complicated project, it is normally very hard for the business owner to envisage the schedule and risks. Applying the PERT/CPM can help play a major role in breaking the large efforts down into smaller tasks and show the relationships between different tasks. This can help in determining the expected outcome besides anticipating and alleviating scheduling bottlenecks (Delgado et al., 2004). Using the just-in-time (JIT) philosophy as a standard project scheduling technique can help solve the implications of Ajax project management that includes the stratagem, fabrication and introduction of a firsthand microwave oven. The just-in-time is used to eliminate wastage by cutting unnecessary inventory and doing away with the delays in operations.  

The Revolution in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Revolution in America - Essay Example In the evening of 26th August 1765, the home of the Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor and Chief Justice Thomas Hutchinson was attacked by a mob from Boston while he was eating dinner with his family. The group broke into his home and looted and stole a large number of possessions from there, however, the Hutchinson family manages to escape just in time to avoid a bloody disaster. The Stamp Act Congress was formed and met in New York where the conflict that took place in Virginia was resolved and this paved the way for the first united coalition of the North American colonies. A new series of colonial taxes followed suit in 1767 called the Townshend Duties and would be accepted by the colonists as they were in charge of controlling trade. In Boston, things had not been faring well as a Non-Importation Agreement was issued by the merchants and traders with a condition of not importing anything that was manufactured and came from Great Britain in order to protest against the taxes, spec ifically the Townshend Duties that had been levied by the Parliament. In 1768, the Boston riots broke out as John Hancock’s ship was attacked by the British royal troops, for having violated laws relating to trade. This made the Parliament strict in its attitude and posted more British troops near the ports and waters in order to regulate the law; however, these stationed troops were soon hassled by Bostonians and led to the death of some troops. It soon became a massacre as more and more people began to get involved and this entire episode.... He assembled people to raid the British and destroy their forts and buildings as a sign of protest. Before this however, in November 1763, a group known as the Paxton Boys that consisted of half a hundred Scottish and Irish men, massacred a formidably large Indian population in Pennsylvania and blamed the state government of being lenient and biased towards the natives. This enraged them and they aimed for equality, thus displaying their wants through a series of attacks. The British were extremely powerful and counter attacked Pontiac and his tribes which led to signing of the Proclamation of 1763 which forbade any American colonist from settling on Native American territory unless he had permission to do so by the means of either purchase or treaty. All these incidents led to the end of salutary neglect and subsequently, in April of 1763, the First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer took office in London – George Grenville. In the year 1764, he enforced the Navigation Act and also passed the Sugar Act according to which sugar would then be taxable as three pennies on molasses so that the costs that were incurred by the British government during the war with France could be undertaken in the form of payment and recovered so that the benefits would ultimately go to England. The colonial Americans however were taken aback by the amount of tax on the sugar molasses and expected it to be two pence per piece at the most because of which they began to then protest in order to remain in business. Apart from this, he also enforced the Currency Act by which he stopped the circulation of paper currency; the Stamp Act as per which taxes were imposed on printed materials; and the Quartering Act by which

Negative Externality: Pakistans Carbon Tax

Negative Externality: Pakistans Carbon Tax Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Answer 1 Answer 2 Answer 3 Conclusion References Introduction The assignment is based on the concept of negative externalities. A negative externality normally is a cost that is incurred to the third party as a result of an economic transaction. The assignment is based on the case study of Pakistan’s policy for implementing the carbon tax. This way the government of Pakistan has taken a positive step towards dealing with the negative externality – pollution and green house gas emission. Later the assignment covers the other steps that must be considered by the Pakistan government to deal with the problem ad reduce the impact of negative externalities. Answer 1 Negative Externalities: It can be defined as the action of products on consumers that has the negative impact on the third party. Negative externalities are mainly concerned with the environmental effects of producing and consuming a product (Laffont, 2008). The main examples of negative externalities are air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, systematic risk etc. A negative externality normally is a cost that is incurred to the third party as a result of an economic transaction. In this type of economic transaction, consumer and producer are the first and second party, and the third party is comprised of organization, individual, resource or property owner that get indirectly affected due to that transaction (Caplan, 2008). The negative externality is also known as external cost in economics. Some common negative externalities are: The smokers ignore the fact of the harmful impact of the passive smoking for the non smokers around them. Air pollution caused by the traffic impacts the lungs of the people who are not even travelling on the road The food wastage (Source: Buchanan, James, Externality.Economical) Negative externalities normally occur in the situations where property ownership of the assets and resources are not properly allocated and are uncertain. For instance, there is no owner of the oceans or the forests, so anybody can pollute them without any fear of getting sued by the owner. External cost like the cost of pollution makes the marginal social cost curve mush higher than the marginal private cost. (Source: Economicsonline.co.uk) Government Intervention to correct the negative Externalities: The environmental concerns are the most important challenge in front of government now days. They are taking up many steps to deal with the negative externalities and eradicate its harmful effects from the third party. The most common among them are the: Environmental tax: This is the most common approach of adjusting the negative externalities. This is also referred to as the â€Å"making of polluters day†. This tax increases the private tax of production or consumption with the aim of reducing the overall demand for the product that is causing the negative externality. For instance: money collected from the congestion charge of a vehicle that is entering a busy road. The environmental taxes include – the landfill tax, the congestion charges, vehicle excise duty and plastic bag tax. Problems with environmental taxes: Pollution tax has the following related problems: Assignment of the right level of taxation Consumer welfare effects Investment and employment consequences. Carbon Tax: Carbon tax refers to the tax that is imposed on the fuels’ carbon content (Holler, 1991). All the hydrocarbon fuel contains the carbon content in it like petroleum, natural gas and coal. They release the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere when they are burnt. Carbon taxes are formed to reduce the green house effects of gas emission through cost effective means (Gupta, 2007). . Carbon taxes are very regressive and impact the lower income group largely. The impact of carbon taxes can be addressed using the tax revenue for the lower income groups. The features of carbon tax are: This is a direct tax on the content of carbon in fossil fuel. It is considered as the most economical and efficient means for conveying the price signals that are crucial for reducing the carbon content It can be structured for softening the impact of the additional cost by distributing to the households. Carbon tax is supported by economists, public officials, environmental leaders and citizens. The carbon tax policies of government are significant for taking the global effort to fight the climatic changes. Pricing carbon is a positive step towards it. The government may interfere through the use of laws and regulations. For example, theHealth and Safety at Work Actcovers all public and private sector businesses. Local Councils can take action against noisy, unruly neighbors and can pass by-laws preventing the public consumption of alcohol. Answer 2 Case Study – Overview Pakistan has recently considered taxing the carbon emission from the big fossil fuel industry and reduces its negative impact on the world’s climate. This was declared in the national climate change strategy. They emphasize on the use of renewable resources. The government will â€Å"consider introducing carbon tax on the use of environmentally detrimental energy generation from fossil fuels†, said the plan, launched at an event in Islamabad. (Reuters Point Carbon) The Pakistan government in their policy announced the tax on carbon at the rate of Pakistani Rupee 25 per ton. It started from 1 July 2012 with the objective of changing the policy later to market based emission trading scheme (Gillard, 2010). Pakistani economy suffered slow-down due to the climatic changes. Climate change refers to situation that reflects the significant changes in the patters on weather conditions over the particular time period. Climate changes are caused by various factors such as solar radiation variations, biotic process and volcanic eruptions. The human activities are also responsible for the severe climatic changes that have lead to global warming (Edward Miller, 2001). These severe climatic changes have the adverse impact on the overall cycle of earth’s process. Evidence for recording the climate changes has been taken from various resources that were used to reconstruct the past climates. The changes have affected the entire world and Pakistan has f aced the significant economic impacts due to this. It has affected the infrastructure, coastal communities, and agriculture and water security in Pakistan. Carbon taxes are important for reducing the negative effects of carbon emission. Carbon taxes are formed to reduce the green house effects of gas emission through cost effective means . Carbon taxes are very regressive and impact the lower income group largely. The impact of carbon taxes can be addressed using the tax revenue for the lower income groups. These taxes provide the incentives for the firms that adopt the environment friendly approach for production process. These are also important for raising the money required for taking the initiatives to save environment. The impacts of carbon tax on the economy of Pakistan are as follows: Macro economics effects: Pakistan economy promotes the reduction in usage of carbon related energy resources for the industry purpose and switch towards the renewable energy resources. Carbon tax is the cost to the producers that use the carbon efficient energy resources. So in order to reduce the cost and increase the profit, it is important for them to shift towards the other renewable resources of energy. Carbon tax is important for reducing the tax as well as the negative impacts on the environment. (Source: Self Study) The left graphs clearly states that the tax will increase the cost of production and decrease the quantity of fuel energy. The will also lead to higher labour cost and also it will lead to increase in fuel prices. The right graph on the contrary shows the benefit of using the renewable resource of energy and increase in production level. So it is seen that carbon tax will impact the business negatively, but at the same time encourage them to use the renewable resources of energy that will have the long term positive impact on environment and business. Effects on employment: The carbon tax has the direct negative impact on the employment because it will lead to additional burden on the production cost. The trade sector will see the shift towards the non trading sector due to this. Effects on households: The household will experience the change in cost of the general commodities as the industries will include the cost of carbon tax in total cost of production. This will lead to negative impact and the household income will be reduced. Direct Action The government replaces the carbon tax with the direct action plan. The direct action plan includes the incentive program for the industries that reduce the carbon emission rate significantly (Preston, 2006). The key points of the policy are: Target of 55 reduction in carbon emission rate Scrapping the carbon tax and associated taxes Creation of green army for conducting the environment conservation work. The government released the white paper that has the details about the policy and the working of fund for emission reduction. The labor as well as the coalition supported this policy over the carbon tax. Contrary to the carbon taxes the policy emphasizes on gaining the incentives by reducing the carbon emission in environment. Policy also has the provision for compensation payment to tax payers for reducing the increase in prices. It directs the business to work towards the emission reducing projects. Pakistan is the largest contributor towards the green house gas emissions, so this policy will help the entire worlds by reducing the carbon emission without imposing any impact on the cost of production. The main feature of the direct action policy is creation of emission reduction fund, which will be $3 billion for four years. The fund will ask the industries to fill the tenders for the emission reduction projects. This will initiate the reverse auction and the industries will compete for reducing the emission rate to win the incentive from the government. The auctions will be held quarterly. The government is sure about the positive outcomes of the policy in terms of reduction in carbon emission. (Source: Self Study) The direct policy has the positive impact on the Pakistan economy. Pakistan actually has the capability of achieving more than the 5% target. Pakistan will achieve the emission reduction project by 2020 in more efficient way. It will contribute towards the global action for addressing the climate change. By reducing the emission amount the economic growth of the Pakistan is expected to be doubled in next few years. It will directly impact the long term projection of the economic growth. Since it has no cost attached to it, it will be beneficial for the business as well as the house hold income. Instead the policy rules of taking the advantage of incentive will direct the business house to reduce the carbon emission without any impact on the cost of production. It is estimated that Pakistan economy will grow by 17% with this project. (Source:Climate Change Authority, 2013) The level of the price attached to carbon with incentive plan will reduce the economic cost. There will be no cost passed to the customers in the form of goods and services. It will also regulate the direct income transfer from Pakistan for buying the additional emission from the overseas. This will also reduce the indirect cost. This will have the positive trade effect. Carbon Tax Vs Direct Action Carbon tax policy as well as the direct action policy aims towards the reduction of the carbon emission in the environment. The base is same but the approach is totally contradictory. The direct action is better than the carbon tax policy because of the below mentioned facts: Carbon tax has the cost attached to it which will in return increase the cost of production whereas the direct action has the incentive policy which encourages the industries to reduce the amount of carbon emission without any effect. Carbon tax will lead to reduction in employment opportunity due to increased labor cost whereas this will not occur in the case of direct action policy. The direct action policy has the better targets and objectives as compared to carbon taxing. The carbon tax will reduce the household income due to the increased prices of commodity whereas the direct action plan will not have the negative impact on the household income. Carbon taxing policy will lead to increase in fuel prices and the actual efficiency will be reduced whereas the direct action plan will increase the efficiency of the industry and the quality of production. The direct action policy has the clear targets in terms of reduction of carbon emission whereas it is missing in the carbon tax policy. For dealing with the negative externalities, the Government of Pakistan has taken a positive step in the form of Carbon tax. This will reduce the green house gas emission and promote the use of renewable resources. This was not only Pakistan but the climate of entire world will get the positive results. Pakistan is taking the considerable steps to reduce the carbon emission in the environment. This is because of the fact that the economy of Pakistan has suffered due to the large amount of green house gas emission. The government introduced the carbon tax and direct action policy for the reduction of carbon emission. The carbon tax policy does not get the enough success and the direct action plan replaced it successfully. By the year 2020 Pakistan is aiming at significant control over the carbon emission in the environment. Answer 3 The carbon tax is very unique in nature but it is quite effective for reducing the impact of negative externalities. The main purpose of carbon tax is to reduce the carbon dioxide emission and with this save the severe climatic changes. However this is noted that only the carbon tax cannot save the climatic change and reduce the impact of negative externalities. The Pakistan government should also make other policies to reduce the impact of carbon emission in the environment. For this purpose they must make the policies and regulation of reducing the coal usage in industry as it causes lots of pollution and also it is a non renewable resource of energy. The government should compulsorily regulate the use of renewable resources of energy that are natural and reduces the emission of green house gases. Carbon tax policy is quite cost effective for the Pakistan economy and it is quite easy to switch from the pollution taxes to direct subsidies and promotes the cleaner and greener production technologies. However the impact of these taxes totally depends on how this money is being used for the reducing the impact of negative externalities (Scott, 2005). They must be balanced by decreasing the amount of other taxes by the method of revenue recycling. The green taxes can actually help the overall economy of Pakistan provided it is used in the right direction and the taxes are imposed religiously to achieve the main objective behind them. In the nutshell, it can be said that imposing the carbon tax is a very progressive step of the Pakistan government. However along with this they should also consider the following for dealing with the negative externalities (Bonnieux, 2002): Preserving the tropical rain forests in Pakistan Limiting the public access to the farm land for their recreational purposes Preservation of wet land Following the traditional ways of farm building Implementing the price-based instruments alter the prices of goods and services to reflect their relative impact. Providing the grants to farmers under the Control of Farmyard Pollution Scheme Conclusion To conclude, negative externality is a type of economic transaction, consumer and producer are the first and second party, and the third party is comprised of organization, individual, resource or property owner that get indirectly affected due to that transaction. Pakistan Government has decided to impose the carbon tax for dealing with the situation of extreme pollution and green house gas emission through their fossil fuel industry. The level of the price attached to carbon with incentive plan will reduce the economic cost. There will be no cost passed to the customers in the form of goods and services. It will also regulate the direct income transfer from Pakistan for buying the additional emission from the overseas. Main purpose of carbon tax is to reduce the carbon dioxide emission and with this save the severe climatic changes. However this is noted that only the carbon tax cannot save the climatic change and reduce the impact of negative externalities. The Pakistan government should also make other policies to reduce the impact of carbon emission in the environment. References Bonnieux, F. and Rainelli, P.( 2002). Economics and the interface between agriculture and nature, in Brouwer, F. and Van der Straaten, J. eds, Nature and Agriculture in the European Union, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar ARTS 338.1094 P2. Caplan, Bryan(2008).Externalities. InDavid R. Henderson(ed.).Concise Encyclopedia of Economics(2nd ed.). Indianapolis:Library of Economics and Liberty.ISBN978-0865976658.OCLC237794267. Edwards, Paul Geoffrey; Miller, Clark A. (2001).Changing the atmosphere: expert knowledge and environmental governance. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.ISBN0-262-63219-5. Gupta, S.et al. (2007).13.2.1.2 Taxes and charges.Policies, instruments, and co-operative arrangements. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metzet al. Eds.). Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: IPCC website. Retrieved 2010-03-18. Hoeller, P. and M. Wallin (1991).OECD Economic Studies No. 17, Autumn 1991. Energy Prices, Taxes and Carbon Dioxide Emissions(PDF). OECD website. p.92. Retrieved 2010-04-23. J.J. Laffont(2008). externalities,The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Ed.Abstract. McKibben, Bill (2011). The Global Warming Reader. New York, N.Y.:OR Books.ISBN978-1-935928-36-2. Preston, B.L.; Jones, R.N. ( 2006).Climate Change Impacts on Australia and the Benefits of Early Action to Reduce Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Scott, S., (2005),Fertiliser Taxes Implementation Issues, Final Report, Wexford, Environmental Protection Agency. Williams, C. (1997) Environmental victims: Arguing the costs,Environmental Values, 6:3-30. Innovation and Managing Change: ExxonMobil Innovation and Managing Change: ExxonMobil Innovation and change are the most important concepts discuss in modern dynamic business environment. The development of technology and the increasing burning needs of the people have created a dynamic environment of which the corporations may not be able to survive unless they simultaneously change their strategies with those global environmental and technological changes. This report intends to provide a detailed discussion of the management of change within Exxon Mobil Corporation (EMC) which is one of the worlds largest publicly traded international oil and gas company, providing energy that helps underpin growing economies and improve living standards around the world. My discussion mainly covers three perspectives. First, I explain the factors influencing the EMCs innovation and change strategy and then, I evaluate the importance of change to EMC and the potential problems they face when EMC implementing the change. Finally, I evaluate the effectiveness of EMCs strategy for managing change within the organization. OVERVIEW OF THE COMPANY Exxon Mobil is the worlds largest publicly traded international oil and gas company. They hold an industry-leading inventory of global oil and gas resources. They are the worlds largest refiner and marketer of petroleum products. And their chemical company ranks among the worlds largest. However they are also a technology company, applying science and innovation to find better, safer and cleaner ways to deliver the energy the world needs. EMCs organizational structure is built on a concept of global businesses and is designed to allow Exxon Mobil to compete most effectively in the ever-changing and challenging worldwide energy industry. EMC operates facilities or markets products in most of the worlds countries and explore for oil and natural gas on six continents. Exxon Mobil uses innovation and technology to deliver energy to a growing world. They explore for, produce and sell crude oil, natural gas and petroleum products. They are committed to meeting the worlds growing demand for energy in an economically, environmentally and socially responsible manner. Therefore innovation and change strategy of EMC would be the most significant factor for the future business expansion. FACTORS INFLUENCING INNOVATION AND CHANGE Factors influencing the innovation and change differ according to the business context of the organization. For example if a particular company is engaged in energy industry they may highly concern about environmental factors whatever the change they need. Because the environment has a major impact on all the product and services portfolio of EMC. Therefore it is more important to understand the context of business of which a particular corporation is engaged in before moving into a changing situation. In addition modern technological advances, cultural changes, structure of the corporation and regulatory requirements also can be identified as other factors to consider. However, there is also a need to understand the magnitude of challenge faced in trying to effect strategic change. To do this it is useful to consider the type of change required , the wider context in which the change is to occur and the specific to change that exists Following main factors can be considered as the i nfluencing factors of change. The context There is no one right formula for management of change. The success of any attempt at managing change will be dependent on the wider context in which that change is taking place. For an example managing in a small, perhaps relatively new business where a motivated team are themselves driving change, would be quite different from trying to manage change in a major corporation, or perhaps a long established public sector organization, with establish routine, formal structures and perhaps great deal of resistance to change. The contexts are completely different and the approach to managing change therefore needs to be different. [Balogan and Hope Hailey] Balogan and Hope Hailey build on this point to highlight a number of important contextual features that need to be taken into account in designing change programs. See above exhibit. It reflects few examples of contextual features and their influence on strategic change programs. The time available for change could be dramatically different. When consider EMC for example there may be new enactments from the governments for usage of energy resources and exploring energy resources. Or there may be a new alternative for fuel such as water. Then EMC need to have a rapid change. So there is no more time to waste. However there may be corporate decision and management plans for change. The management of EMC may have targeted at a kind of a change with the future forces. That can be taken a along time arena to change. No matter how significant the change, it may be that there is a need for the preservation of certain aspects of the organization, in particular those that are to do with the competences which changes need to be based. For EMC it is necessary to concern the environmental factors whatever the change they expect to see. And also there may be some competent employees and professionals to be retained in the corporation. Change may be helped if there is a diversity of experience, views and opinions within an organization. EMC has expanded their operations in six continents. So the diversity is higher than any other organization. Therefore EMC has to consider different needs of the diversified stakeholders in all over the world. The previous experience of change is also important. Therefore capability also plays an important role in change management process. EMC has demonstrated their capability in managing change with the current successful business portfolio. Capacity of the organization is also important to survive with the available resources. If a corporation has problems of lack of required resources the change will cause for a business failure. EMC has sufficient resources in all over the world. The current stage of the business life cycle in EMC has paved the way for this. The readiness of EMC is good. The management has understood the need for change. They have established them into their budgets. EMC has announced the expected change and the innovative expectation in there news article of A view to 2030. The power to change in EMC also is in a good position. The board of director consists of 11 directors of which 10 of the 11 directors on board are independent. CEO has 4 vice presidents for the decision making. Therefore EMC should understand from where the resistance is effect i.e. from top level or lower level. EMC is currently engaged in various activities such as production, exploration, refining, fuel marketing, natural gas and power marketing etc. And also it is global firm operates in six contingents with billions of employees around the world. Therefore when concern the business context of EMC it is much complex in nature. In addition the industry also is highly volatile with the development of the technology would also be significant to EMC. Culture As EMC operates in six continents this factor is highly an effect to the innovation and change strategy of EMC. EMC has to manage the stakeholders such as customers, suppliers and employees etc. in different contexts. Therefore there is a significant impact on the innovation and management strategy in order to create proper change management process. The cultural web provides a good basis of understanding the effects of cultural changes to any organization. It is a representation of the taken for granted assumptions or paradigm of an organization and the physical manifestations of organizational culture. (See below exhibit.) [Gerry Johnson Managing the strategic Change] Above all the factors are the parts of the organization culture. When consider the EMC the culture is the most significant factor as it operates in globally. Therefore it is necessary to consider the cultural changes and their effects to the modern business arena for EMC. The cultural web also can be used as a way of understanding current organizational culture and desired future culture for EMC. Environment The environment is the most significant factor influence to any corporation to their innovation and change strategy. The concepts such as environment protection, sustainable development etc. has created the concerns of various regulators to control the organizations. The nature of the business portfolio of EMC is highly linked with the environment. They explore in environment, mining and extracting from environment and finally the consumption of energy also releases the polluted air to the environment. Therefore EMC has to be highly concern about the environmental factors when they determine their changing strategies. Technology The technology is also a significant factor for the innovation and change strategy of EMC. The development of the modern technology has created a massive cost benefit opportunities to EMC. For example the mining machines can produce more efficiency than the laborers. In addition different technological developments have increasingly changed the research and development perspective of EMC. THE IMPORTANCE OF CHANGE TO EXXON MOBIL It is important to any organization to realize the need of change. The strategic change is considered at the initiation of the business portfolio and it should be evaluated by time to time ongoing basis. Change can be in any context. Therefore it is important to understand why EMC needs the change. By nature EMC engaged in energy industry. The crude oil prices and the regulatory requirements of government in different countries and the authorities may change time to time. Those external forces of change can not be predicted and also effect to whole organization. As EMC operates in diversified cultures around the world the effects of the stakeholders in different arenas are also may be demanded for change. Past experiences of change management in EMC has proved that the growth of the company depends on how quickly the company finds the innovative products. The technological advancement in modern world has changed the way of research and development. The technology has facilitated a lot for improving productivity in R D sections. Therefore EMC should be highly concern regarding the future advancements to the industry and there effect on EMC. There may be alternative substitutes in future and also there may be newer technologies for exploration, mining and other activities in the industry. Therefore change is very important to EMC. PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING THE CHANGE However, even though the change is the most important thing to EMC there are several potential problems they have to be faced when they implement the change. The complexity of the geographical area is the major problem. In here EMC has to determine change strategy in order to line with the cultures, regulatory requirements and needs of the people in those countries. Some times there can be higher resistance from the above forces when we implement the change. Managing the risks from increases in global greenhouse gas emissions is an important concern for EMC, industry and governments around the world. Kurt Levins forcefield analysis provides an initial view of change problem that need to be tackled, by identifying forces for and against change. It helps to identify the driving forces and restraining forces to a particular change situation. EFFECTIVENESS OF MANAGING THE CHANGE WITHIN THE ORGANISATION The effectiveness of managing the change is depending on how management, employees and finally the organization as a whole face to the change event. In here it is most important to understand the styles and roles of change in a particular organization. Whoever is in the position of managing change needs to consider the style of management they adopt. According to the organizational context different styles are likely to be more or less appropriate. Education and communication This involves the explanation of the reasons for and means of strategic change. It might be appropriate if there is a problem in managing change based on misinformation or lack of information and if there is adequate time to invest in persuading people and give them the chance to assimilate the information. However there are problems here. Assuming that reasoned argument will overcome perhaps years of embedded assumptions about what really matters could be native specially if there is a lack of mutual trust and respect of between management and employees. Relying on processes of communication in a top down fashion may also be problematic. Change is likely to be more effective if those affected it are involved in its development and planning. This is what EMC is doing. They give the opportunity to management and employees to contribute to the change event. EMC has long term focus on their change strategy. They have taken several measures to create educated environment within the organization. EMC has continued investing heavily in math and science education in the United States. They supported initiatives that encourage students to take an active interest in careers in the math and science fields, encourage the professional development of highly qualified teachers and promote involvement of women and minorities in these subjects. Exxon Mobil has a long history of supporting and improving educational programs as an important business priority. There is a separate teachers academy for EMC to develop quality people. EMC communicates using news releases and gives the employees the opportunity to view them. Collaboration This is the method of participating in the change process is the involvement of those who will be affected by strategic change in the change agenda. For example the identification of strategic issues, the strategic decision making process, the setting of priorities and the implementing the changing event is done by the lower level. In EMC those all the parties are the contributors of the change. Its like a routine aspect but finally top level management can achieve the expected change event. Therefore the collaboration has become a way of building readiness, and capability for change. EMC has effectively collaborated with the people in order to create current expanded business portfolio in all over the world. Intervention and Direction Intervention is the coordination of and authority over processes of change by a change agent. Direction involves the use of personal managerial authority to establish a clear future strategy and how change will occur. It is essentially top down management of strategic change. It may be associated with a clear vision or strategic intent developed by someone seen as a leader in the organization. EMC has the motto of taking on the worlds toughest energy challenges. Therefore it can be understood the direction of the management for the strategic change. Coercion In its most extreme form, a directive style becomes coercion involving the imposition of change or the issuing of edicts about change. This is the explicit use of power and may be necessary if EMC is facing a crisis or a conflict of change. However it should be noted that the management change in EMC by using above techniques may be effected by the factors such as capability, time and scope of change, power structure of EMC, capacity to change etc. When it comes to consider strategic change, there is too often an overemphasis on individuals at the top of an organization. It is useful to think of change agency more broadly. Change agent is the individual or group that helps effect strategic change within an organization. When consider the top level management EMC has a number of change agent within the organization with massive experience. There are highly qualified CEO and four vise presidents for the decision making. Rex w. Tellerson Chairman and Chief Executive Officer a native of Wichita Falls, Texas, Mr. Tillerson earned a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin before joining Exxon Company, U.S.A. in 1975 as a Production Engineer. Senior Vice President Mr. Mark Alberts born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and raised in Texas, Mr. Albers joined the company in 1979 and holds a bachelors degree in petroleum engineering from Texas AM University. Mr. Michel J Dolan Senior Vice President joined Mobil Oil Corporation in 1980 at the Paulsboro, New Jersey, and research laboratory. Over the next 13 years, he worked in a variety of engineering and managerial positions supporting Mobils worldwide refineries. Andrew P. Swiger is senior vice president of Exxon Mobil Corporation and a member of the corporations Management Committee. Throughout his career, Mr. Swiger has held a variety of techn ical and managerial positions in production, operations, engineering, planning and gas and power marketing. He joined the company in 1978 as an operations engineer in Morgan City, La., eventually progressing through a series of upstream staff and managerial assignments in Africa, Europe and North America. Donald D Humpheyars Senior Vice President and Treasurer a native of Tulsa, Oklahoma, Mr. Humphreys earned a Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering and Management from Oklahoma State University in 1971. He served in the U.S. Army from 1972-1974. He obtained an M.B.A. from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania before joining Exxon Chemical Company in 1976. In 1986, after several assignments in Houston, Baton Rouge and Baytown, he transferred to Exxon Corporation in New York as Senior Financial Advisor in the Controllers Department. In 1988, he moved to Exxon Company, International as Financial Reporting Manager and later served as General Auditor. In 1990, Humph reys became Upstream Controller of Exxon Company, U.S.A. SUMMARY Innovation and change are the most important concepts discuss in modern dynamic business environment. The development of technology and the increasing burning needs of the people have created a dynamic environment of which the corporations may not be able to survive unless they simultaneously change their strategies with those global environmental and technological changes. Exxon Mobil is the worlds largest publicly traded international oil and gas company. They hold an industry-leading inventory of global oil and gas resources. They are the worlds largest refiner and marketer of petroleum products. And their chemical company ranks among the worlds largest. However they are also a technology company, applying science and innovation to find better, safer and cleaner ways to deliver the energy the world needs. Factors influencing the innovation and change differ according to the business context of the organization. Therefore it is more important to understand the context of business of which a particular corporation is engaged in before moving into a changing situation. In addition modern technological advances, cultural changes, structure of the corporation and regulatory requirements also can be identified as other factors to consider. However, there is also a need to understand the magnitude of challenge faced in trying to effect strategic change. To do this it is useful to consider the type of change required the wider context in which the change is to occur and the specific to change that exists. The factors such as context, culture, environment and technology are the most important. It is important to any organization to realize the need of change. The strategic change is considered at the initiation of the business portfolio and it should be evaluated by time to time ongoing basis. Change can be in any context. Therefore it is important to understand why EMC needs the change. By nature EMC engaged in energy industry. The crude oil prices and the regulatory requirements of government in different countries and the authorities may change time to time. Those external forces of change can not be predicted and also effect to whole organization. As EMC operates in diversified cultures around the world the effects of the stakeholders in different arenas are also may be demanded for change. Past experiences of change management in EMC has proved that the growth of the company depends on how quickly the company finds the innovative products. The technological advancement in modern world has changed the way of research and development. The technology has facilitated a lot for improving productivity in R D sections. The complexity of the geographical area is the major problem. Managing the risks from increase in global greenhouse gas emissions is a problem of EMC to consider. Forcefield analysis can be used as a good technique. The effectiveness of managing the change is depending on how management, employees and finally the organization as a whole face to the change event. In here it is most important to understand the styles and roles of change in a particular organization. Education and communication, Collaboration, Intervention and Direction, Coercion can be considered as factors affecting the effectiveness of the change within the organization. It is useful to think of change agency more broadly. Change agent is the individual or group that helps effect strategic change within an organization. When consider the top level management EMC has a number of change agent within the organization with massive experience.

Chinese Culture Essay

Chinese Culture changed during the Qin Dynasty. There was an increase in trade, agriculture, and military protection. The central government now had direct control of the population, allowing the ability to have a much bigger workforce. Many projects such as the Great Wall of China were done because of this. The Qin Dynasty had several reforms in China’s society; such as money, advanced writing system, and the weights and measurements became the same units. Book burning and burying of scholars occurred due to the desire to purge all traces of the old dynasties. The Qin’s military was revolutionary due to the fact of more developed weaponry, transportation, and military tactics. All this was done even though China’s government was strict and bureaucratic. Future Chinese regimes were influenced because of this Dynasty. Qin Shihuang was the emperor that was buried in the tomb. He was the first emperor of China. After 200 years of war between 6 states, he unified China. His rule only lasted for 15 years, but left a lasting impact on the country’s history. A few of Qin’s remnants were the legalist principles, a Chinese philosophy that followed hard discipline agreeing to the rule of law. This belief helped Qin to rule the masses in a more centered power order and show a very influential way to rule, but this did now allow for disagreement to occur. Qin introduced a uniform written language which helped the government to communicate and carry out policies. Scholars could share information to a bigger population which helped lead to the transfer of culture. Having one language helped the later dynasties to communicate with the nomads and pass along information on how to compromise or fight with them. The invention of constructing roads allowed better connection between major cities and provinces. The dynasty standardized the length of axles in carts so they could all ride on new roads. The construction of the Great Wall of China made a mark in history for the country’s boundaries, causing a greater unity. The nomadic tribes in the north were not able to attack because of the Great Wall protecting its Country. They dynasty standardizes all weights and measures, leading to a more effortless exchange of goods, and developing a taxation system. The Chinese money is also made equal all over, allowing even more efficiency of exchange in goods. Qin Shihuang had a lasting impact in the power of leadership in China. After his death in 206 BCE, his son, and later his grandson, took power but bother were short lived. The Qin Dynasty ended in 206 BCE. After his death, the same states that were in war before he became the emperor, began to fight again and many leaders sprang up over China until the Han Dynasty. Even though this happened, the lasting effects of practices that were put in place in the Qin Dynasty, lasted throughout the centuries. Qin’s power came from his top-down rule, and people conformed to his rule because of his powerful personality. They followed him because he showed them a vast difference in comparison to their small kingdoms, giving a way to a beginning of a future nation-state. The fact that China is names after Qin just goes to show how big of an influence he really was. For more than 2 thousand years Taoism has been the religious tradition that has influenced the people of East Asia. The work, Tao means the â€Å"path† or â€Å"way†, but with numerous subtle differences in folk religion and Chinese philosophy. There are three Jewels of Tao that are underlined: compassion, moderation, and humility. Taoism teaches mostly on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos. The reason for all of Taoist’s rules and practices is to have Harmony with the Universe. Another thing that is popular in Taoism is godly fear for ancestor spirits and immortals. There is folk religion Taoism, and then there is organized Taoism, the difference is their rituals. Chinese alchemy, astrology, cuisine, Zen Buddhism, many Chinese martial arts, traditional Chinese medicine, and feng shun, and many style of qigong have been weaved with Taoism throughout history. Another philosophy developed in China is Confucianism. It came from the teachings of Confucius; Master Kong, 551-478 B.C. It is a complex system of moral, political, philosophical, social, and part religious thought that influences the culture and history of East Asia. Some East Asian countries consider it to be a state religion because of the adopted philosophies of Confucius. China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam all are influenced by Confucianism as well as Singapore. The very first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang was the patron. Not long after he became emperor, he ordered to have his mausoleum be built. It was ordered to be build at the foot of Li Mountain in Xian. Part of his grave goods was the Terra Cotta warriors. It is believed that it took 700,00 men and 40 years to build the mausoleum. Qin wanted not only to be the greatest king alive, but in his death and for eternity. This is why he would not allow a chance for there to be a rebellion between the 6 states that were in war with each other. The terra cotta army was built there to suppress them, and execute his dream of everlasting. This is why he built the army in his tomb.